Marketing Analysis - 1745 Words

Marketing Analysis Your name Class Instructor Date Marketing Analysis It takes hard work to create image of the company or brand or products in a given market as noticed by a target market. Whether marketing a piece of merchandise, a service, a company or even a person, positioning is crucial to the success of any product. Positioning of that product is about how you get into the mind of the prospective customer. You must first get into a prospect’s mind and then occupy that space. When positioning a product, you want the prospect to recognize that your product is created especially for them. This paper will identify different types of analysis used by marketers to find out product positioning, competitive†¦show more content†¦Additional information may be gathered from consumers to name the dimensions. The attributes that are the most important in consumers’ perceptions of a product category can be determined from survey research. In this way, positioning is not actually something that is done to the product; rather it is something that marketers do to the minds of consumers. It relates to how consumers perceive the product in terms of relative to competing offerings. Company needs to be careful in positioning their product as it is challenging to attempt to change that perception later on. Competitive positioning The competitive positioning paradigm, drawing largely on the work of Porter (1980, 1985), dominated strategic management in the 1980s. It emphasized the idea of strategic fit between the organization and its environment so as to achieve competitive advantage, referring to this as competitive positioning. â€Å"When the prospective market can clearly see how the company s product differs from the others, it will be easier for the company to guide them to purchase the product. A key element of the positioning strategy is the value proposition† (Campbell, et. al. 2002). In order to analyze competitor positioning, a competitor array is the most useful and common technique to use. A two dimensional matrix that shows a list of competitors, benefits expected by customers, the industry, the overall strength of each competitor in relation to one anotherShow MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing966 Words   |  4 Pagesreflect back over these last five weeks I now have a clearer view of marketing and how it affects not just the consumers of the world and the companies with their marketing managers, but how it affects me. Yes, I am a consumer who clips coupons, budgets my finances, and looks for sale items and this marketing class has taught me that marketing is more than selling or advertising. Marketing managers have a difficult job, as marketing involves identifying, meeting and satisfying the needs of customersRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1770 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is Marketing? A plethora of individuals seem to be misinformed about marketing. Several of these individuals believe that marketing is just advertising. Others will tell you that marketing is all about sales, insinuating that all marketers are just salesmen. Now these beliefs are both right and wrong. â€Å"How can they both be right and wrong at the same time?† you may be asking yourself. Well they are right, because marketing encompasses both advertising and sales. They are both wrong by assumingRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1878 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Marketing research is the process that associates the consumers, customers, and end users to the marketer through information — information used to classify and describe marketing prospects and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing performance; and development understanding of marketing as a process. Marketing research identifies the information required to address these issues, designs the method for collecting information, manages and implementsRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing2431 Words   |  10 Pagescompanies derive greater value from inbound marketing in comparison to B2C companies for a number of reasons. Firstly, B2B companies’ products are more complex and thus they require in-depth product specification and explanation, e.g. tutorials and blogs. In addition, since their customers have a longer decision making cycle, B2B companies are more selective about whom their sales forces focus on. Thus B2B co mpanies also benefit from the lead qualification analysis that HubSpot provides. Consequently, theyRead MoreMarketing Analysis Of Olay : Marketing Analysis982 Words   |  4 PagesMarketing analysis of Olay The quality of people’s lives are increasingly improve by today’s rapid economic growth. Due to it, a lot of people start pay attention to beauty care which like skincare. Skin care products market growth that women are consume more to get a good look. The beauty and skincare brand Olay is one of the biggest properties and best-seller in facial skincare. The mission statement of Olay is â€Å"to enhance all that is beautiful in women by providing simple to sophisticated skinRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1486 Words   |  6 Pagesthis day and age, marketing plays a pivotal role in the business environment. Marketing is dynamic, complicated and challenging. The basic concept of marketing is to identify the need of human and society, and research how to satisfy and create those need. According to American Marketing Association (AMA), defining that marketing is the processed activity which communicate and exchange valuable offerings to customers (A MA, 2013). To be more precise, the main mission of marketing is choosing targetRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing Strategies1217 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many businesses that use various techniques to sell their product or service. Marketing Strategies is a process of using the marketing mix which consists of place, product, price and promotion to satisfy and attract consumers to make a profit for the organisations. Place: The location of the business/market where the main transactions are implemented Price: The amount a consumer is willing and able to give for a product/service or good Product: Anything that can be offered within a businessRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing Strategy Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pages Marketing is an essentially about marshalling the resources of the organization so that they can meet the changing needs of the customers on whom the organization depends. As a verb, marketing is all about how an organization addresses its markets. Marketing is â€Å"The management process which identifies, anticipates and supplies the customer requirements efficiently and profitability†. Marketing is the performance of the business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from the producerRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing A Backpack1286 Words   |  6 Pageschosen area of decision making, which was the Target Segment. This required the analysis of the different target segments available when marketing a backpack in a virtual game (MH Practise, 2016). The target segment, also known as the market segmentation, is a similar group of customers to whom a company wants to appeal to (Lamb, 2016). The purpose of market segmentation is to enable the marketer to tailor to the marketing mix. This will allow the company to ultimately cover various segments in a marketRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing Mix1628 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing mix is one of the most frequently marketing tool that company use to launch and promote its products. 4Ps associated with the marketing mix which are product, price, place and promotion. IKEA used the marketing mix to describe the essential elements of a marketing strategy. It is important to IKEA because it can help to determine the suitability of the product or service for a particular consumer base. Product Product is the first variable in marketing mix because product decisions are

Informative Speech About Transgender - 1407 Words

INTRODUCTION Transgender individuals will be people whose sex characters don t relate to their organic sex, and along these lines they contrast from the generalization of how men and ladies ordinarily are. Transgender does exclude sexual introduction or physical sex attributes, but rather is in truth a less clinical term which relates to sex character and sex expression. Hence transgender individuals incorporate those individuals whose personality and conduct don t stick to the clichà © sexual orientation standards. They might be gay, transsexual, transvestite, or sex eccentric. Since the get-go and the presence of humanity, transgender have been particularly a piece of the general public. It is quite recently that they have been given a†¦show more content†¦The idea of a privilege to lawful sex acknowledgment as it were, that everybody ought to have the capacity to have records set apart with the sex with which they recognize has just as of late picked up footing. Numerous nations don t enable individuals to change the sexual orientation assignment on their records by any stretch of the imagination. Others set stringent conditions for the individuals who wish to do as such. Truant lawful acknowledgment in the sexual orientation with which they distinguish, each crossroads of everyday life when archives are asked for or appearance is examined ends up plainly loaded with potential for brutality and embarrassment. In parts of South Asia, activists have battled for acknowledgment of a third sexual orientation class. A Nepal s Supreme Court decided in 2007 that the administration must perceive a third sex in light of a person s self-feeling. Similar improvements followed in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India. In spots where Tran’s individuals extremely personalities are criminalized, a future in which they might be legitimately perceived appears to be distant. However it is absolutely the abuse they confront that loans direness to the battle for legitimate sexual orientation acknowledgment. It highlights that states ought not to be in the matter of directing sexual orientation personalities. Perceiving individuals self-recognized sexual orientation does not oblige governments to recognize any new or unique rights;Show MoreRelatedThe Internet Is Not The Best Place For A Woman Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesYet, due to global abuse, people are often left alone or ignored as they struggle to define themselves. As a result, Everyday Feminism hopes to put an end to this by supporting individuals and groups who share their ideas of peace. Top 10 Most Informative Feminist Sites Clapway FeminismIn addition, the site itself is an educational method for social and personal liberation. Since launching in 2012, Everyday Feminism has rapidly become one the more popular feminist sites in the world. Almost 4.5 millionRead MoreGoing Into Diversity I Wasn t For Sure How The Class Would Go1693 Words   |  7 Pagesstate and not the deep south, I did not thinking going into this class, people would be as open minded about the subject as I am. By no means is Missouri, as progressive as say Washington or California, but I do believe we are a few steps ahead of the south. When I first met my roommates they, would use terms in conversation that I would never ever use. I was explaining to my friend’s mom about how they would use certain terms. She was clearly astonished, she had not heard those terms used thatRead MoreSocial And Cultural Diversity : Beyond Racism3572 Words   |  15 PagesReverse discrimination is a claim th at occurs when a member or members of a majority are discriminated against on the basis of a protected factor, such as race or gender. Seems like it is my situation regarding race, but, the article goes on more about reverse discrimination against programs in employment. So, is it based on social factors or is it just pertaining to government programs in employment? I say both. There are also biases within the cultures of people of color against other cultures

The Hunters Phantom Chapter 30 Free Essays

string(49) " be in such ornate print\?† he complained\." Stefan drove like a maniac al the way back to the boardinghouse. â€Å"I can’t believe I forgot to tel him that his name had been cal ed,† he said for what felt like the hundredth time. â€Å"I can’t believe we left him alone. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 30 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † â€Å"Slow down,† Meredith told him, trying to hold Matt’s sleeping body steady in the backseat as Stefan whipped around a corner, tires squealing. â€Å"You’re going way too fast.† â€Å"We’re in a hurry,† Stefan growled, yanking on the wheel to make a hard right. Alaric turned around in the passenger seat and gave Meredith a panicky look as Stefan narrowly missed a garbage truck. She sighed. She knew he was trying to make up for his mistake, for not tel ing them immediately that Matt’s name had appeared in the herb shop, but kil ing them al in a race to get home wasn’t exactly the solution. Besides, although they probably would have done things differently if they’d known, it might not have changed the outcome for Matt. It wasn’t as if their precautions had saved either Bonnie or Elena. â€Å"At least you’ve got vampire reflexes,† she said, more to reassure Alaric than out of any particular confidence in Stefan’s driving abilities. She’d insisted on being the one sitting in the back with Matt, and now she turned her attention to him. She put a restraining hand on his chest so he wouldn’t go tumbling to the floor as the car jerked and swerved. He was so stil . None of the twitching and eye movements that usual y went with sleep, just the steady shal ow rise and fal of his breathing. He wasn’t even snoring. And she knew from camping trips as far back as sixth grade that Matt snored like a buzz saw. Always. Meredith never cried. Not even when the worst happened. And she wasn’t going to start now, not when her friends needed her calm and focused to try to figure out how to save them. But if she had been the kind of girl who cried, instead of the kind of girl who strategized, she would have been sobbing. And even now, the breath caught in her throat a little painful y, until she schooled herself into impassive calm again. She was the only one left. Of the four old friends who’d gone through school and summers and adolescence and al the horrors the supernatural world could throw at them, she was the only one the phantom hadn’t captured. Yet. Meredith clenched her teeth and held Matt steady. Stefan pul ed up and parked in front of the boardinghouse, having somehow avoided causing any damage to other cars or pedestrians along the way. Alaric and Meredith started to inch Matt careful y out of the car, looping his arms around their necks and slowly shifting him forward into a half-standing position. But Stefan simply grabbed Matt away from them and threw him over his shoulder. â€Å"Let’s go,† he said, and stalked off toward the boardinghouse, easily balancing Matt’s unconscious body with one hand, not looking back. â€Å"He’s become kind of a strange guy,† Alaric commented, watching Stefan alertly. The sunshine caught the stubble on Alaric’s unshaven chin and it glinted with a touch of gold. He turned toward Meredith and gave her a rueful, disarming grin. â€Å"Once more into the breach†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he said. Meredith took his hand, warm and solid in her own. â€Å"Come on,† she said. Once they were in the boardinghouse, Stefan clomped straight upstairs to deposit Matt with the other bodies – the other sleepers, Meredith reminded herself fiercely. Meredith and Alaric, hand in hand, turned toward the kitchen. As she pushed the door open, Meredith heard Mrs. Flowers’s voice. â€Å"Very useful indeed, my dear,† she was saying, a warm note of approval in her voice. â€Å"You’ve done very wel . I’m so grateful.† Meredith gaped. At the kitchen table with Mrs. Flowers, cool and calm and pretty in a blue linen dress, sat Dr. Celia Conner, sipping tea. â€Å"Hel o, Alaric. Hel o, Meredith,† said Celia. Her dark eyes bored cool y into Meredith’s. â€Å"You’l never believe what I’ve found.† â€Å"What?† said Alaric eagerly, letting go of Meredith’s hand. Her heart sank. Celia reached into a tote bag sitting by her chair and pul ed out a thick book bound in ragged brown leather. She smiled triumphantly and announced, â€Å"It’s a book on phantoms. Dr. Beltram ended up sending me to Dalcrest Col ege, which actual y has a very comprehensive col ection of texts on the paranormal.† â€Å"I suggest we adjourn to the den,† Mrs. Flowers said, â€Å"where we can be more comfortable, and examine its contents together.† They moved to the den, but Stefan, when he joined them, did not seem any more comfortable. â€Å"Different types of phantoms,† he said, taking the book from Celia and flipping rapidly through the pages. â€Å"The history of phantoms in our dimension. Where is the banishment ritual? Why doesn’t this thing have an index?† Celia shrugged. â€Å"It’s very old and rare,† she said. â€Å"It was difficult to find, and it’s the only book on the subject we’re likely to be able to get our hands on, maybe the only one that exists, so we’l have to excuse things like that. These older texts, the authors wanted you to read straight through and real y learn about their subject, to understand what they wanted to tel you, not just to find the page you needed right away. You might try looking near the end, though.† Alaric was watching Stefan whip through the pages with an expression of pain. â€Å"It’s a rare book, Stefan,† he said. â€Å"Please be more careful with it. Would you like me to look? I’m used to finding what I need in these kinds of books.† Stefan snarled, literal y snarled at him, and Meredith felt the hairs along the back of her neck rise. â€Å"I’l do it myself, teacher. I’m in a hurry.† He squinted down at the text. â€Å"Why does it have to be in such ornate print?† he complained. You read "The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 30" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"Don’t tel me it’s because it’s old. I’m older than it is, and I can barely read it. Huh. ‘Phantoms who are feeding like vampires on one choice sensibility, whether it be guilt, or despair, or grudge; or lust for victuals, the demon rum, or fal en women. The stronger be the sensibility, the worse be the outcome of the phantom created.’ I think we could have figured that out ourselves.† Mrs. Flowers was standing slightly removed from the rest of the group, eyes fixed on empty air, muttering seemingly to herself as she communed with her mother. â€Å"I know,† she said. â€Å"I’l tel them.† Her eyes focused on the others as they stood around Stefan, peering over his shoulders. â€Å"Mama says that time is getting short,† she warned. Stefan leaped to his feet and exploded. â€Å"I know it’s getting short,† he roared, getting right up into Mrs. Flowers’s surprised face. â€Å"Can’t your mother tel us something useful for once?† Mrs. Flowers staggered away from him, reaching out to steady herself on the back of a chair. Her face was white, and suddenly she looked older and more frail than ever before. Stefan’s eyes widened, their color darkening to a stormy sea green, and he held out his hands, his face horrified. â€Å"I’m sorry,† he said. â€Å"Mrs. Flowers, I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to frighten you. I don’t know what came over me†¦ I’m just so worried about Elena and the others.† â€Å"I know, Stefan,† Mrs. Flowers said gravely. She had regained her balance and she looked stronger, calm and wise again. â€Å"We will get them back, you know. You must have faith. Mama does.† Stefan sat down, turning back to the book, his lips pressed together into a straight line. Her skin prickling with apprehension, Meredith gripped her stave more tightly as she watched him. When she had revealed to the others that the members of her family were hereditary vampire hunters and that it was now her turn to take on the duty, she had told Elena and Stefan that she would never turn on Stefan, that she understood that he wasn’t like other, evil vampires, that he was good: harmless and benign to humans. She had made no such promises about Damon, and Elena and Stefan hadn’t asked her to. They al shared an unspoken understanding that Damon couldn’t real y be characterized as harmless, not even when he begrudgingly worked with them, and that Meredith would need to keep her options open when it came to him. But Stefan†¦ she had never thought this would happen, but now Meredith was worried that someday she might not be able to keep her promises about Stefan. She had never seen him acting the way he had been lately: irrational, angry, violent, unpredictable. She knew his behavior was probably caused by the phantom, but was Stefan becoming too dangerous? Could she kil him if she had to? He was her friend. Meredith’s heart was racing. She realized that her knuckles had whitened against her fighting stave, and her hand ached. Yes, she realized, she would fight Stefan and try to kil him, if she had to. It was true that he was her friend, but her duty had to come first. She took a deep breath and consciously relaxed her hands. Stay calm, she coached herself. Breathe. Stefan was keeping himself more or less under control. It wasn’t a decision she had to make. Not yet, anyway. A few minutes later, Stefan stopped flipping pages. â€Å"Here,† he said. â€Å"I think this is it.† He handed the book to Mrs. Flowers. She scanned the page quickly and nodded. â€Å"That feels like the right ritual,† she said seriously. â€Å"I ought to have everything we need to perform it right here in the house.† Alaric reached for the book. He read the spel , too, frowning. â€Å"Does it have to be a blood spel ?† he asked Mrs. Flowers. â€Å"If it backfires, the phantom might be able to turn it against us.† â€Å"I’m afraid it’s going to have to be a blood spel ,† Mrs. Flowers replied. â€Å"We’d need more time to experiment to change the spel , and time is the one thing we don’t have. If the phantom is able to use its captives the way we think it can, it’s only going to get more powerful.† Alaric began to speak again but was interrupted. â€Å"Wait,† said Celia, a slightly shril note in her usual y husky voice. â€Å"A blood spel ? What does that mean? I don’t want to get involved in anything† – she searched for a word – â€Å"unsavory.† She reached for the book, but Stefan slammed his hand down on it. â€Å"Unsavory or not, this is what we’re doing,† he said quietly, but with a voice as hard as steel. â€Å"And you’re a part of it. It’s too late for you to back out now. I won’t let you.† Celia gave a convulsive shudder and cringed back in her chair. â€Å"Don’t you dare threaten me,† she said, her voice quavering. â€Å"Everybody calm down,† Meredith said sharply. â€Å"Celia, no one is going to make you do anything unless you agree to it. I’l protect you myself if need be.† Her eyes flew quickly to Alaric, who was glancing back and forth between them, looking worried. â€Å"But we need your help. Please. You may have saved us al by finding the spel , and we’re grateful, but Stefan’s right – you’re part of this, too. I don’t know if it’l work without you.† She hesitated a beat. â€Å"Or, if it does, it might leave you as the phantom’s only target,† she added cunningly. Celia shivered again and wrapped her arms around herself. â€Å"I’m not a coward,† she said miserably. â€Å"I’m a scientist, and this†¦ irrational mysticism worries me. But I’m in. I’l help any way I can.† Meredith, for the first time, felt a flash of sympathy for her. She understood how hard it must be for Celia to continue to think of herself as a logical person while the boundaries of what she’d always accepted as reality col apsed around her. â€Å"Thank you, Celia.† Meredith glanced around the room at the others. â€Å"We’ve got the ritual. We’ve got the ingredients. We just need to gather everything together and start casting the spel . Are we ready?† Everyone sat up straighter, their faces taking on expressions of stern resolve. As scary as this was, it was good to final y have a purpose and a plan. Stefan breathed deeply and visibly took hold of himself, his shoulders relaxing and his stance settling into something less predatory. â€Å"Okay, Meredith,† he said. His stormy green eyes met her cool gray ones, in perfect accord. â€Å"Let’s do this.† How to cite The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 30, Essay examples

Describe your interest in your chosen field of study free essay sample

Question: describe your interest in your chosen field of study and how you will use your degree upon graduation, how will a scholarship assist you attaining your goals, and share any unique experiences or qualities that may distinguish you from other deserving candidates.My dad always tells me, â€Å"Do your best and you’ll achieve what you want.† Every morning he tells me that. Even though it gets on my nerves, I always remember what he says. He is just telling me for my own good and he wants the best for me. Since I would be the first girl of my two sisters to graduate high school, I’m going to show him and my family that I can do it.As a child, I would always tell my parents and siblings that I wanted to be a pediatrician. It is my passion, and I love to be around kids. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe your interest in your chosen field of study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I like to help them and I just want the best for them. I want to achieve my dream of one day becoming a doctor.After high school I will be going to Metro State University, and I will work very hard so that my dream will become true. To make sure I achieve this dream I will maintain good grades, I will be responsible for my actions and academics, and I will stay focus on my goal.Even though there may be obstacles going on in my life, I will not giveup my dream. There might be a lot of dreamers out there that gave up and did not achieve their goal, but I will not be one of them. Some that gave up might have been because they did not get any support from their family.If I would get this scholarship it would help me with many things. One thing it would help me with is that my parents would not have to spend that much money or stress. Also I will be the first girl from my sisters to go to college. My two older sisters became pregnant at a young age. I have learned a lot from them because they did not finish school. I also see them struggling and I don’t want to be like them. Now that they are older they look at me and they are proud of me because I will graduate from high school. When they see me they always tell me, â€Å"echale ganas!† â€Å"Do your best.†

How Would An Actor Prepare To Play Richard In Shakespeares Richard Ii

How Would An Actor Prepare To Play Richard In Shakespeare's Richard Ii? How didst thou sway the theatre! Make us feel The players' wounds were true, and their swords, steel! Nay, stranger yet, how often did I know When the spectators ran to save the blow? Frozen with grief we could not stir away Until the epilogue told us ?twas a play. From the point of view of an actor, playing the part of Bolingbroke or Richard is a daunting task. There are a number of ways in which an actor prepares to assume a character's role, but many of these methods are wanting in certain areas. Despite the fact that both characters are rich in the literary sense, for the purposes of this essay the difficulties facing an actor preparing to play a part can be best served by addressing the needs specific to the role of Richard. The major issue, which is more pronounced in Richard is the necessity of trying to portray certain things directly to the audience while allowing other factors to filter through subtly as the performance continues. This factor is one that should be applauded, when one takes into account the manner in which audiences are treated in the modern theatre. Thankfully Richard II assumes there is an intelligent audience almost participating in the play, but this can lead to even more problems for the actor. Because of it's int ellectually stimulating content, the actor must be aware of the fact that the character is being observed even more closely. A believable character must be portrayed or the dramatic impact of the play as a whole will be lost. The technical aspects of a part in a play are normally common throughout every performance. The learning of lines may be easily attained but the style in which they are delivered depends on a number of factors. Firstly, and foremost, the character will have the main influence on the manner in which the lines are spoken. However, this can vary greatly when one considers the huge variations that can result in any play at the behest of the director. Without delving into a debate on whether or not a play should be performed in the style of the time in which it was written, one must acknowledge that a director can very noticeably, or subtly make adjustments to characters and plots which an actor must reflect in their performance. Furthermore, the audience to which the actor is performing must be taken into consideration. Despite the fact that we are not the classless society that we wish to be in the 21st century, there are less class barriers in place than those of 1597. The aristocratic , highly - Christian society of Shakespeare's day differs hugely from our own, and this must be taken into account along with the fact that the modern audience is presumably better educated than their late 16th century counterparts. Finally, the type of stage being used may or may not be an issue for an actor in preparing to portray a character. The Elizabethan stage, such as The Globe would have been in Shakespeare's mind as he wrote, but the huge variety if performance stages today often means certain aspects of a performance must curtailed or expunged upon. Indeed the versatility of many pre - cinema scripts has been demonstrated on the silver screen, none more successfully than the Stratford Bard in recent years. Shakespeare's plays are also recognised for the number of plot undertones that can be discerned upon closer examination. Although not a 1990's phenomena, there has been in the recent past an upsurge in the debate over homosexual devices in Shakespearean plays. While some of these claims do have substance to them, with literature as intense and intricate as Shakespeare's, one can read anything that one desires into it to attain one's goal. Sometimes it is necessary simply to take a play as it stands, rather than questioning every element and deconstructing it into such a level of obscurity as to lose the intentions of the author in the first place. Analysis of a text is a necessary part of an actor's preparation assuming a role, but over-analysis may result in dubious conclusions, which may not work well on

Determining the Paleoenviroment and Tectonic History of a Small Area †geology (400 Level Course)

Determining the Paleoenviroment and Tectonic History of a Small Area – geology (400 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Geology Coursework: Determining the paleoenviroment and tectonic history of a small area (Cocklawburn Beach) Planning In this coursework I am going to try and find the tectonic history and paleoenviroment of an area of exposed rocks along a short section of beach in Northumberland, Cocklawburn beach is 50 metres to the south of Berwick-upon-tweed and can be found on OS map sheet 75. The general geology of the area is that it is mostly carboniferous limestone with layers of sandstone, shale and coal existing between the layers of limestone. I know this from previous experience in the area, as I have completed a sedimentary log for another section of rock in the same area, at Cullernose Point For the paleoenviroment I am going to look at and analyse the rock type. I will check the rocks for structures and fossils as they can be used to determine the absolute age of the rocks and they can also be used to check if the rocks have been shifted or if they have been moved upside down. The first thing that I shall investigate with respect to paleoenviroment is the relative age of the rocks. For the tectonic history I shall investigate the Dip and Strike of the rocks, as this will show the attitude of the rocks relative to the horizon and it will show if any tectonic activity has shifted the rocks, and also if there are any major igneous structures (Bowls ect) I shall look for any displacement in the rocks as this will show if there have been any faults in the area that have affected the rocks in the past. Using all of this information together I intend to construct a sedimentary log that will definitively show the history of this small area. To help me find this information I wi ll use my own observations, as well as secondary sources such as the Internet and geology reference books (see bibliography) I think that I am most likely to find Sedimentary rocks that will be in recurring cyclotherms containing a lot of fossils and other structures, and that have also been affected by a lot of faulting and folding. To collect the data for the items I have outlined above, I will go to the beach and construct a sedimentary log. I have already tested this method on another beach in the same area as Cocklawburn beach, at a area called Cullernose point This log will encompass most of the data that I will need to collect, however I will also have a Field Notebook, which I will use to sketch out the layers or rock and also to sketch any structures that are found on the beach, this will be used so I can identify which type of fossils and what special features were present in the layers of rock. To fill in the above logging sheet I will use the following equipment. To find the grain size of the rocks, I will examine the rock with a hand lens and compare what I see to a grain size index card provided by my teacher, I will do this to find the energy of the transport medium at the time of deposition, this card will also to be used to checked the sorting of the rock, which will show the rate of deposition. I will look for any fossils in the rock, as they will help to show if there are any special environmental conditions in the area during that time of disposition. I will also use evidence of any sedimentary structures to determine the env ironment of deposition. I will also examine the colour of the rocks to try and determine the mineral and oxygen content, as this can be used to try and determine the paleoenviroment of the area at the time that the sediment was deposited that formed the rock layers. I will look for evidence of dip and strike by using clinometers to find the dip angle and using a clinometers and a ruler to find the strike, I will do this so that I can accurately show any tectonic features in the area, and so that I can form a hypothesis about what forces have acted on the area in the past. I will look for evidence of folding and faulting, as they will show if there have been any compression or tension forces acting on the rock, and also the direction that the forces were coming from. To test these methods I have constructed a short sedimentary log of beach called Cullernose point, which is near Cocklawburn beach, I have found that these methods work in the field and I do not intend to change any of the methods used. The limits of my investigation if that I can not check any rocks that are underground, so I will not be able to find the thickness of some beds, if I can not see the base. Implementing In this section I will record the results that I have found from my fieldwork, I will use sedimentary logging, charts and graphs to shows the information that I have gathered. The first item that I am going to show is the most important, as the sedimentary log shows most of the information that I have gathered on the trip that will be useful in a clear way Analysing evidence and drawing conclusions From the sedimentary logging sheet there is a obvious pattern in the rock layers, which clearly show the recurring cyclotherms, I believe that I was caused by differing sea levels at the time of deposition, for example, if the cyclotherms that is composed of bed 1-5 is examined, then the pattern is: 1: Limestone – Deep Sea where dead creatures decomposed to form limestone layers 2-3: Silt – Shallowing seas mean layers are formed by fine sediment being deposited from the closing landmasses 4: Sandstone – As the sea gets shallower then the size of the sediment that is deposited increases steadily, meaning layers 2-4 have evidence of graded bedding that goes with the increasing size. 5: Coal – as the sea becomes a swamp or maybe even low land, trees fall in and coal is deposited as a top layer of the cyclotherms. After bed 5 the process begins again with a limestone layer at bed 6 to 10. This pattern recurs along the beach. Throughout these layers fossils and sedimentary features are in evidence, these fossils are mostly Crinoids, with Brachiopods scattered throughout, sedimentary features in evidence throughout the beds are graded bedding, and ripples which shows evidence of sea currents as the seas became shallower. A lot of the beds also contain ironstone nodules. Below is an analysis of each bed found on the beach, this data has been taken from the sedimentary log I produced in the field. Bed 1: This bed has a thickness of at least 3 metres, I say at least because the bottom of the bed is below the beach and cannot be seen. It is composed of limestone with a shale layer about halfway up the visible area, however this layer is not discernable enough to count as a separate bed. The composition is fine sand, with silt in the shale layer; there is evidence of paleocurrents from the south in this bed. The colour is grey at the bottom but the top is muddy and browner. Brachiopods and crinoids were found in this layer. This evidence seems to show that this layer was in deep sea, with a lowering of sea levels causing the shale layer in the middle, and then sea levels falling at the end of the bed, causing the muddy area at the top of the bed. The marks on this bed (see to the right of the marker) These marks are from the remains of a colonial coral, which would have lived on the rock, and would have been fossilised when it died This picture shows the solitary corals (the ring shapes) and the brachiopod fossils that were found in bed 1. As these creatures could only live in a very low energy environment this shows that the rock was formed in a deep sea where there were only low energy currents. Bed 2: This bed has a thickness of 2.5 metres. Its composition is clay and it shows evidence of ripples, there are no paleocurrents visible in this layer. The layer is black in colour, and there were brachiopods found in the layer as well. This layer was very soft and unstable, and it could be broken off easily with hands. This layer will have been formed as the sea levels fell and fine sediment from the land will have been deposited on the sea floor. Bed 3: This bed has a thickness of 4 metres. It is composed of siltstone interbedded with mud, the grain size is silt and there are alternating paleocurrents, with south at the bottom and north facing at the top of the bed. There is a lot of cross bedding in this layer and there are also ironstone concretions throughout it. There are load casts at the top of the bed, which is brown in colour. This bed will have been formed as the sea levels fell even more, which would let larger sediment pieces fall and be deposited on it, as there would have been less time for it to be eroded into smaller particles. This is a picture of the loads casts that can be seen in the top of bed 3. These are formed when a section of the above rock falls away into the mud beneath, when the rock below fossilises the other rock is left as a fragment, called a load cast. Bed 4: This bed on only 1 metre thick. This bed is grey and is composed of fine sand sized particles. This bed shows evidence of fossilized roots embedded in the top of the bed. This composition of this bed is known as â€Å"sea turf† and is formed from deposition on a very shallow sea; the roots are from plants that have rooted into the land while it is still underwater. Bed 5: Bed 5 was not thick enough to measure accurately. It is a layer of clay sized grains, and is coal. This is the end of the first cyclotherms in the beds, as can be seen from the cycle limestone -> coal. This layer would have been formed in a shallow swamp, with very little water movement. As plants and other matter died and fell into the water, it would have decayed very slowly and been formed into coal. This picture shows bed 3, 4, 5 and 6, note how thin bed 5 is in relation to the other beds, this shows that the area did not stay as a swamp for very long Bed 6: This bed is 1 metre thick. It is fine sand sized particles and is composed of grey limestone, this fizzes with dilute HCl, and there is evidence of crinoids and trace fossils in the bed. This bed shows a return to deep water, as there are now hardly any sediment deposition, and an increase in carbon deposition leading to the formation of limestone and the fossils. Bed 7:This bed is 1.5 metres thick, it has clay-sized particles. This bed is composed of mudstone and is black in colour. There is a lot of ironstone nodules spread throughout this bed. It is soft and comes apart easily in the hand. There is also evidence of lamination in this bed, which will have been caused by uneven deposition rates over the years in which this bed was formed. This bed will have been formed like bed two, with a shallowing sea leading to a fine sediment deposition Bed 8: This bed has a thickness of 1.5 metres. It is composed of silt size particles and is siltstone, it is grey. This bed is interbedded with shale and there are iron stone concretions throughout it. This bed shows numerous fossils, with Trace fossils roots and also a lot of sedimentary features, such as cross lamination and normal laminations, these will have been formed due to different current directions and also due to different amounts of deposition during the years the bed was formed. This bed will have been formed in a very shallow sea, as there is evidence of fossilised roots at the top of the bed. This picture was taken from the top of the 6th bed, and shows bed 7 and 8 on top of it. Note how much bed 8 has eroded. Bed 9: This bed is .5 metres thick. It is composed of fine sand particles and is sandstone. This bed is grey in colour and shows evidence of lamination and root fossils. Once again these will have been formed by plants rooting in the very shallow water of the area. Bed 10: This is the end of the second cyclotherms, as this is a coal layer, once again it is too thin to be accurately measured. This will also have been formed in a shallow stagnant swamp. Bed 11: This bed has a thickness of 1 metre. It has silt-sized particles and is clay. The only feature shown by this bed is lamination; there were no visible fossils or any of features in this bed. Bed 12: This bed has a thickness of 2 metres. It is composed of medium sand grained particles and is sandstone. This bed is interspread with layers of silt. This layer is laminated, it also has asymmetrical ripples, formed when the currents affecting the bed shifted, there are also trace fossils. This bed has been formed due to shallower seas, but as the next bed is composed of clay, the cyclotherms pattern has been interrupted, so there must have been an unconformity to break this cycle. This picture shows bed 8 from further along the beach, and also bed 9, bed 10 and bed 11 Bed 13: This layer is .5 metres thick. It is composed of silt-sized particles and is clay. It is black and shows cross lamination, formed by shifting currents and irregular deposition. As I have mentioned above, if this bed followed the normal cyclotherms cycle shown in the beds below it, this bed would be composed of sea turf or perhaps even a layer of coal, however as this bed is finer grained than the one below, which suggests a deepening of the sea, then either a unknown element changed the area at this time or a unconformity has altered the bedding pattern. Bed 14: This bed is .5 metres thick. Its is a medium grained sandstone. It is grey and shows evidence of laminations across the bed. It is black, this layer, and the layer above it (15) shows that the sea was shallowing, and that the pattern shown in the 2 preceding cyclotherms is reasserting itself. This picture shows bed 11, bed 12, bed 13, bed 14 and bed 15 Bed 15: This bed is near identical to the one above it, it is .5 metres thick, grey and shows lamination, however this one has shale layers interspread in between it, so I have marked it as a separate layer from the pure sandstone layer underneath it. This photo shows the top of bed 16, Bed 17, bed 18, Bed 19 and bed 20. It also shows bed 21-23, but these beds are hard to see on this photo, so I will show them on another photo further down the list Bed 16:This bed is 2 metres thick. It is sandstone and has medium sand particles. This bed had very poor bedding and had a lot of roots throughout the whole bed. The poor bedding could have been caused from changes in deposition over the years. There were also trace fossils and ironstone nodules found in this bed. This bed was formed once again, as sea levels got shallower Bed 17: This bed is 1 metre thick. This bed has silt-sized particles and is siltstone. This bed has a lot of roots throughout it. This bed was probably soil that formed when the sea lowered so much that there was actually land there where the sea was. Bed 18: Bed 18 is the third coal layer in the log. As the layer above it was formed in land, then the seas must have returned to form a stagnant swamp that allows coal to form. Bed 19: This bed is 2.5 metres thick, it is composed of clay particles, and there are root casts and ironstone nodules in this layer. This layer could have been formed either by a return to deep-sea conditions, which I think is unlikely, or as a very thick layer of soil as the sea stayed either very shallow or went to land for a long time. Bed 20: This is another coal layer. This layer makes it appear that the sea did not return to a true deep sea for a very long time after bed 18, but stayed as a shallow area or a swamp for a long period of time. Bed 21: This is a very thin layer of clay sized mudstone, this forms in-between two layers of coal, which supports my theory that this was a land area for a very long time before it returned to the sea, this can be shown by the fact that there is not any fossils or sedimentary features in the area to show evidence of currents of animals. This photo shows bed 21, bed 22, bed 23 and bed 24. I have used this photo to show bed 21-23 as it is clearer Bed 22: This coal layer has formed very close to another coal layer, which shows that the area stayed as a swampy land for a long time. Bed 23:This is a layer of fine-grained sandstone. It is 1.25 metres thick and has evidence of calcite deposits; these were probably formed as calcite formed round particles of mud or clay. Bed 24: This bed is 1.25 metres thick. It has medium sand sized particles, but it is a sandy limestone. This bed shows a return to relatively deep-sea characteristics, but with a high sediment deposition, which suggest a large land mass may have formed nearby. Crinoids are also in this bed, which suggests a deep sea, as the low energy environment would not break them up as it does in a high current environment. This photo shows bed 25, bed 26 and bed 27. Unfortunately, I do not have a photo of bed 28. Bed 25: This is a .5 metre thin bed of medium sandstone. This bed has ironstone deposits and root casts, and seems to indicate that the sea that was in the area was shallowing. Bed 26: This bed has an unknown thickness and an unknown rock type, it was eroded and no information could be gathered about it. Bed 27: This is another coal layer, however no thickness information could be found because the base of the layer could not be seen. Bed 28: This bed has no thickness information, as once again, the base could not be seen. This bed is limestone, and shows that the area has returned to deep-sea conditions. This is reinforced by the crinoids and brachiopod fossils that were found in the area Overall: In total the layers that I logged came to about 38 metres, and spanned about 100 metres of beach across, there only appears to be 3 complete cyclotherms, although there are a few that appear to have been disrupted by tectonic activity. The cyclotherms present in the rock show that the past history of the area was repeating, over millions of years. This means that the area has gone from sea to swamp or possibly even land, and then reverted to sea again. The most obvious cyclotherms is present in bed 1-5, as it shows the formation of sandy limestone’s, representing deep sea environments, which is further reinforced by the fossils of crinoids and brachiopods found in it, all the way through finer layers until bed 5, which is a coal layer formed by decaying plant matter in anaerobic conditions. Tectonic History The tectonic history of the area can be shown by checking the dip and strike of the rocks and plotting a diagram that will show the direction, I have used a rose diagram with degrees around the edge to find where the forces came from. The diagram shows that the main force in the area came from the northeast; this is confirmed by the dip, which is northeast/southwest, and the strike, which is roughly south east/northwest. This is backed up by the asymmetrical anticline seen at location 1 on the base map; this anticline had been pushed inwards from the northeast so that it formed a hump-backed appearance facing northeast. It is also shown by the plunging folds fold at location 2 on the base map, as the dip and strike measurements shown there are in alignment, and the folds run northeast/southwest. This evidence shows that there has been a major force acting on the coast in the past, forming these features, and that it was acting in a northeast/southwest direction, with more force from the northeast. This hypothesis is backed up by the evidence that I have collected on my sedimentary log. This is a photo of the asymmetrical fold that was at location one on the base map. Note the thrust which pushes one side of the fold over, the right side of this photo is the north-east. This photo shows the folding that has occurred in the first bed on the log. Once again, the right side of this photo is pointing to the north east, which shows the tectonic forces to be northeast/southwest Evaluating Evidence and Procedures I think that the techniques used to collect this data was the most reliable ones that I could use practically in the field. However, I have noted the limitations of the techniques that I have used. The sedimentary log only shows features which can be seen on the surface on the rock, there could have been fossils or features buried in the rock, which I cannot include in my study. The dip and strike measurements that I have taken, as well as the measurements for the thickness of the beds can only be as accurate as the things I used to measure them. This means there will be an error built in to the measurements, as well as human error. The statistical analysis techniques that I have used could also contain error (the rose diagram), however, I believe that have minimised the error by making measurements as accurate I could in the field. I believe that the conclusions I have drawn from the evidence I have collected is true, however there could have been forces at work that I was not aware of, and some of my conclusions could be wrong due to this fact. Research Papers on Determining the Paleoenviroment and Tectonic History of a Small Area - geology (400 Level Course)Where Wild and West MeetTrailblazing by Eric AndersonResearch Process Part OneUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Business law - Essay Example There are three main factors to be considered in securing a safe venue; getting a proper developing, implementing and managing (D.I.M.) process, obeying standards of practice and dealing with crowd management (Matt 2012). The D.I.M. process begins with identification of risks and categorizing them followed by classifying the risks depending on their severity and lastly selection of a risk treatment method. Treating risks is done in four ways; risk avoidance, risk transfer, risk retention and risk reduction (Matt 2012). Risk avoidance is done through discontinuation of the program or lack of inclusion of the content. Risk transfer is done through hiring of a third party and ensuring they sign a waiver thus limiting liability .Risk retention is carried out through the company retaining the risk and taking up responsibility for compensation of injuries or financial risks occurred. Risk reduction is done through immediate implementation which is crucial since it is done after risk identi fication to lessen the impact of a lawsuit. Employee involvement is recommended together with written documentation on the happenings.in large scale venues, it is cost effective to hire a risk manager to oversee the plan so as to reduce liabilities resulting in repeat customers. Standards of practice are safety codes representing opinion consensus with the approval of an industry’s professional segment. They are requirements needed of an establishment and minimize liability associated with negligence when adhered to and increase liability when disregarded by the defendant. Crowd management is a fundamental aspect of risk management since it helps in the provision of a safe and enjoyable event. This means management of guests’ movement, emergency assistance and accommodation of special needs guests. There are six elements in crowd control and handling; clear signage for ease of movement, staff training on dealing with any happening, good communication system, emergency action plan, written policies regarding intoxicated patrons with disruptive behavior and implementation and evaluation of plans after every event (Matt 2012). These steps help in maximizing risk reduction when implemented correctly. Negligence has been the root cause of risk management cases causing ripples in the sport industry like the example below was due to failure to provide a secure and safe environment. In the December of 2002,Michelle Heenan, a single 39 year old North Philadelphia resident who worked as an administrative assistant at a local hospital, together with company went to attend a Guns n Roses concert at the Wachovia center, previously known as the First Union center. Slightly after 11pm, after a few curtain raising acts an announcement was made that the main act would not perform thus the show was cancelled. The irate fans vented their anger by throwing food and drinks from the upper decks everywhere (Matt 2012). On sensing the lurking danger, this being a rock c rowd, Heenan ran towards the nearest exit and in the process, got caught up in the frenzy, fell and ended up injuring her ankle which got a plate and three screws inserted. Her injuries cost her two months of work and permanent inability to participate in activities such as skiing and rollerblading. Heenan filed a suit against Comcast Spectator and Spectrum Arena

Interprofessional in Nursing (Mental Health Nursing) Essay

Interprofessional in Nursing (Mental Health Nursing) - Essay Example It is evident that interactions that occur on every day basis must understand the complexities that are associated not only dealing with their colleagues but patients also. Clearly, new initiatives must be taken to understand the gravity of dealing with patients and explores other ideas that can facilitate patient’s recovery and perception about their health. A model that should be developed for nursing students should be simple in order to facilitate the process. It should consist of peer collaboration, discussion, research and testing along with shadowing a medical professional. These steps are vital because they solidify the foundation of core competencies along with remedying deficiencies. Education in health begins with the young generations being more involved in mentoring rather than filling in the blanks of a test. This theory is supported by many scholars as more effective as it enables students to gain a better understanding of the overall approach that occurs. The i ssue of quality in providing these services is just not a mere innovative concept but should be embedded on every medical facility. This methodology itself serves to define and embody the whole depiction of the hospital. In medicine, quality has become a crucial aspect is at enhances the outcomes that are appealing for any individual (Buttell, Hendler, & Daley, 2007, p. 63). Quality is an element that must be prevalent not through lip service but through actions and should be a testament through patient care. The traditional approach that is embedded in delivering customer relations through doctors is under heavy scrutiny. Conducive research proves that social workers, midwives and nurses tend to excel on interpersonal skills while doctors must strive to make a better effort. In a hospital setting, it is clear that Doctors are perceived to have strong leadership along with collaboration skills that makes them highly competent at their profession (Buttell, Hendler, & Daley, 2007, PP. 64-66). Thus, many authors suggest that the difference of knowledge and expertise that doctors possess from their colleagues create a formulation of diverse opinions that are prevalent in their actions. Since each individual has their own set of responsibilities, they also tend to have different notions on how to approach different problems (Buttell, Hendler, & Daley, 2007, p. 65). Since quality tends to be the prevailing matter in all institutions, various elements have been examined to understand this critical issue. First and foremost element that is associated with healthcare is hygiene, Hygiene safety is a crucial element that all doctors practice due to the fact that it dynamically can impact patient’s heath. In many scenarios, it is evident that the patients is injured even though the doctors possess no ill intentions. One can argue that these medical errors are because of medical errors that contribute to this cause in their respective facilities (Buttell, Hendler, & Daley, 2007, pp. 64). Although hygiene safety can be learned through methodology, it is crucial that they acquired safety skills through experience. Applying an ointment or not wrapping the bandage in a precise manner can lead to neglect which in long-run can be detrimental to patient’s health. It is clear that in order for quality to be prevalent in any given facility,

Argument Analysis 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Argument Analysis 2 - Essay Example And in the third and final part, I shall assess the truth and validity of Aquinas’ argument with the help of logical reasoning. I will conclude that Aquinas’ argument is indeed a valid argument for the existence of God, based on its logical structure, but I shall argue that the entire argument is weak for it is founded upon a mere assumption. To begin with, Aquinas starts his argument by observing that there exists an â€Å"order of efficient causes† (â€Å"Summa Theologiae†). So, all events entail the existence of a prior cause, which causes its occurrence. If something is caused, then it must be caused by something other than itself. It must be caused by something other than itself, for it is logically impossible to be the cause and be caused in the same way and in the same respect. However, if something causes another thing’s occurrence, which causes the occurrence of another thing, which in turn causes another, then an order of efficient causes would entail, an infinite chain of causes. There cannot be an infinite chain of causes, for there would be no first cause. The absence of a first cause would entail the absence of a beginning from which all things began to occur. There must exist a first uncaused cause that initiated the chain of efficient causes, which is God. Therefore God exists. Given the aforementioned reconstruction, I began by claiming premise one by referring to the law of causality, which is a given in Aquinas’ argument. In premise two, the first premise is then applied to the occurrence of X, from which it was inferred, by virtue of â€Å"material implication,† that X was caused by something prior to it, that is, Y, as premise three verifies it (Copi and Cohen 395). Premise four applies the same principle, by virtue of material implication, from which it was inferred that Y was caused by something prior to it, that is, Z. However, premise five shows that this order of efficient causes lead to an infinite regress, from which

Influence of Advertising on Children

Influence of Advertising on Children CHAPTER 1 Introduction This chapter provides general information on the influence of advertising to children by looking at different researches and surveys on media influence and implications on the behaviour of children. This research attempts to study the implications of advertising on the behaviour of children in the UK. The research aims and objectives are also provided in this chapter. 1.1 Influence of Advertising on Child Behaviour Technology has created more choices for people to gain an access to information. The development of modern technology enables all ages to access various types of information with unlimited access. Also, major advances in the media technology have created different and unique ways of providing products and services to several audiences. For instance, animation are used in various numbers of advertising to children, and the messages from these television advertisements affect children in gender role stereotype learning (Hogg Garrow 2003). These days, people cannot watch television, go shopping, or browse the internet without being flooded with advertisements (Dotson Hyatt 2005). Not only adults are exposed to these advertisements, but young children are also targeted by many advertisements with an attempt to sell these products and services to them, such as movies and food (Flew 2002). A research indicated that children under eight years old are more likely to accept advertising messages as been truthful and unbiased (Cohen et al. 2002). Therefore, it is difficult for children to see and examine the hidden agenda in thousands of advertisements they watch every year (Cohen et al. 2002). A study showed that many advertisements for toys, snack food, video games, and cereal are often targeted towards children. However, it is also crucial for parents to watch out for other advertisements. An example is beer and cigarette advertisements that are usually directed towards adults also have messages that can influence children (Shin Cameron 2003). According to Dotson Hyatt (2005), beer advertisements are shown very often during sport events. Beer advertisements are also seen by millions of young children. Research finding showed that these advertisements attempt to create both brand familiarity and positive attitudes towards drinking in children aged between 9 and 10 years old (Shin Cameron 2003). In addition, a research finding revealed that young children can be persuaded very easily by the messages of advertisements (Dotson Hyatt 2005). Young children believe that the messages in the adverts are truthful and unbiased, and this can cause unhealthy behaviours in children, including: Poor eating habits: This is a factor in todays youth obesity epidemic (Dotson Hyatt 2005). The most common advertisements directed towards young children include sweets, fizzy drinks, and other snack foods (Dotson Hyatt 2005). An increase in the likelihood of aggressive behaviour and less sensitivity to violence: Aggressive behaviour in young children is more likely to appear if a child is exposed to the advertisements for violent video games, movies, and television programs (Dotson Hyatt 2005). The research result also indicated that advertisements can be the cause of conflict between parents and children (Meech 1999). The research showed that commercials often get young children to want the advertised products and then pressurising their parents to buy it for them. As a result, the conflict between them takes place when the parents say ‘no (Meech 1999). 1.2 Advertising Implications and Health and Obesity Issues In 2003, the BBC revealed that corporate giants such as McDonalds, Cadbury Schweppes, PepsiCo UK, and Kelloggs faced a tough time from the committee of the Members of Parliament who had been holding a long running investigation into the state of the nations health (BBC UK 2003). McDonalds, Cadbury Schweppes, PepsiCo UK, and Kelloggs were accused of marketing high calories meals aimed at children, while neglecting the health implications of a fast food diet (BBC UK 2003). It was revealed by the Chairman of the Health Committee that some food commercials from these accused corporate giants failed to carry health warnings on the packages in similar manner to the tobacco (BBC UK 2003). Chairman of the Health Committee stated that a certain branded cheeseburger with fries and a milkshake would take nine miles to walk off, and this level is too high for young children (BBC UK 2003). It was reported that calorie content does not mean a great deal to people. However, the messages in the advertising are not sufficiently honest to their audiences (BBC UK 2003). An article in reputed medical journal called ‘The Lancet studied and suggested that celebrity endorsement of ‘junk food should be banned. Also, the scale of health and obesity problems have been highlighted in a report of the Food Standards Agency, claiming that some 15 per cent of 15 year-old children are now obese. This figure is three times as many as ten years ago (BBC UK 2003). In addition, the UK government admitted a serious concern about the growing incidence of obesity in the UK by putting new regulations on food and drink manufacturers who must follow the strict code of practice when producing adverts aimed at children (BBC UK 2003). Plans to improve school students diet have also been welcomed by the UK government. A research titled ‘Food Marketing and Advertising Directed at Children and Adolescents: Implications for Overweight (Apha Food and Nutrition 2004) indicates that there is a growing outbreak of overweight children. The unhealthy eating habits of young kids has brought attention to the possible role that food and beverage advertising and marketing play in influencing eating behaviours in young children. In recent years, youth consumers have become potential target market for the food and beverage industry because of their spending power, purchasing influence, and as future adult consumers. Therefore, young children are now the target market of the intense and aggressive food marketing and advertising campaigns. Marketers and advertisers have been employing multiple techniques and channels to reach youth consumers, beginning when they are still toddlers in order to develop and build brands and also encourage the product use when they are in their youth phase. These food marketing channels comprise of effectively and carefully developed marketing communications strategies. Examples include television advertising, in-school marketing, product placements, kids clubs, internet, products with branded logos, and youth-targeted marketing promotions like cross-selling and tie-ins marketing campaigns. It was also reported that foods targeted at children contain high fat, salt, and sugar contents which are the main causes of being overweight. In addition, television advertising and in-school marketing techniques are two of the most prevalent forms of marketing to young children. Television is reported as the largest source of media messages about food to children, particularly younger children. Moreover, a qualitative survey by the Office of Communication (2004) indicates that the average child or adolescent watches an average of three hours of television per day. It showed that young children may view as many as 40,000 commercials each year and food appears to be the most frequently advertised product category on childrens television, accounting for over 50 percent of all advertisements. The survey also disclosed that children view an average of one food commercial every five minutes of television viewing time, and they may see as many as three hours of food commercials each week. Several studies have documented that the foods targeted at young childrens television are mainly high in sugar and fat, with almost no references to fruits or vegetables. Young children and adolescents are currently being exposed to an increasing and unprecedented amount of food advertising and marketing through a wide range of places. It is revealed that young children have few defences against persuasive advertisements and misleading messages. 1.3 Restrictions on Messages of Advertising to Children In recent years, several studies were conducted to highlight and understand the implications of advertising on the behaviour of young children. These studies focus on different aspect. For example, Maher (et al. 2006) carried a research to investigate the changes in types of advertised food products and the use of nutrition versus consumer appeals in childrens advertising from 2000 to 2005. The results revealed that obesity is a serious and expanding concern especially the health of young children. The research further indicated that messages on food advertising have a major impact on eating behaviour. Children tend to ask for food advertised on television when they are eating out with families (Maher et al. 2006). Also, the research disclosed that food processors and restaurants have not changed their advertising messages to young children in response to the multitude of pressure the industry is experiencing (Maher et al. 2006). A recent study by the Office of Communication (OFCOM) revealed that restrictions were launched to eliminate misleading advertising to children. OFCOM published the results of its extended consultation on the television content and scheduling restrictions for food advertising at children. The Broadcast Committee of Advertising Practice (BCAP) has included the new restrictions in its Television Code and CAP (CAP News 2007). The new changes to the television restrictions are now known to all organizations involved in food and soft drink advertising (CAP News 2007). Recently, the BCAP and the Broadcast Advertising Clearance Centre (BACC) conducted training sessions for the industry and explained the new restrictions and implications of radio advertisements directed at children (CAP News 2007). The launch of new rules on advertising messages to children were based on the agreement of the committee members. The television content restrictions were put into place on 1st of July 2007, while the CAP code changes were published by 1 April 2008 (CAP News 2007). 1.4 Research Aims To examine the effect of advertising on children for the purposes of marketing To know the effect of advertising on a childs eating habit. To understand the opinion of parents on the role of marketers and advertisers. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Defining Implications of Advertising on Children According to Terry Flew (2002), advertising influence is referred to â€Å"The way in which the mass media in all of their forms affect the way the audiences act and behave in their daily lives. The forms of media include television, films, songs and other similar forms.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Flew 2002) Jostein Gripsrud (2002) revealed in a book titled ‘Understanding Media Culture that the rapid development of technology has had an impact over the growth of media and advertising over the past few years. He stated that the new forms of media such as the internet changes the way people consume media or advertise products and services. The fast development of media has raised questions on the issue of how media influences attitudes and beliefs of customers. Flew (2002) also disclosed that one of a popular passive audience theories is the inoculation model. This is a long-term affect model. This model explained that upon being exposed to advertisings messages, the viewers will become instantaneously immune to them (2002). Karen Hartman (2000) applied the concept of this model to conduct a research titled ‘Studies of negative political advertising: an annotated bibliography. Gripsrud (2002) argued against the concept of the inoculation model that there was no evidence that the inoculation effect can lead to negative perception, attitude and behaviour. In fact, Gripsrud (2002) said that there was only basic finding to suggest that people had even seen the information which would lead to negative perception. As a result, this concept is commonly discredited by media theorists (Gripsrud 2002). 2.2 Media and Advertising Implication on Children 2.2.1 Television Influence on Human Development Margaret Hogg and Jade Garrow (2003) highlighted in their research called ‘Gender, identity and the consumption of advertising that television advertising has the most influential impact in shaping ideas of appropriate gender role. They concluded that television had a significant impact on the lives of children, influencing attitudes about race and gender (Hogg Garrow 2003). Hogg and Garrow (2003) also claimed in their research that young children are exposed to around 20,000 advertisements a year. By the time they finished or graduated from secondary schools, they would have watched and witnessed many violent deaths on television which could lead to aggressive copycat behaviours (Hogg Garrow 2003). In addition, Michael Dotson and Eva Hyatt (2005) carried out a research to examine the major factors influencing childrens consumer socialization. The research findings showed that that pro-social and antisocial behaviour was influenced by television programs (Dotson Hyatt 2005). In a research entitled ‘Childrens television programming (Cohen et al. 2002), it was revealed that young children spend an average of thirty hours a week watching television programs. The study also indicated that children spend more time watching television than the time they spend on anything else with sleeping as an exception (Cohen et al. 2002). Furthermore, Kara Chan and James McNeal (2006) examined the effect of advertising on children in China. The main aim of their research was to examine how advertising ownership, media usage, and attention to advertising vary among urban and rural children in Mainland China (Chan McNeal 2006). The study also collected information regarding the context of media usage and time spent on various activities. A survey of 1,977 urban rural children age group of 6 to 13 year-old in four Chinese cities, including Beijing, Guangzhou, Nanjing and Shanghai, and in the rural areas of four provinces Heilongjian, Hubei, Hunan and Yunnan was carried out in March 2003 to May 2004 (Chan McNeal 2006). The questionnaires were distributed through sixteen elementary schools and local researchers were selected and trained to administer the data collection (Chan McNeal 2006). The research result indicated that media ownership and media exposure were high for television, childrens books, cassette players, VCD players and radios among both urban and rural samples (Chan McNeal 2006). In general, media ownership, exposure and usage were far higher among urban children than among rural children. However, the results revealed that television ownership and television exposure were slightly higher among rural children than among urban children. Chan and McNeal (2006) also claimed in their study that the urban-rural gap between media ownership and media exposure was more well-known for new media forms such as internet. Chinese children had low to medium attention to advertising. Rural children were reported to have a higher attention to television commercial than urban children, whilst urban children reported a higher attention to other forms of advertising than rural children (Chan McNeal 2006). 2.2.2 Advertising Influence on Child Behaviour Jobber (1974) conducted a research examining the implications television advertising had on consumers behaviour. His research presented and analyzed consumer reaction to television advertising. It assessed consumer attitude by the use of three criteria, including consumer feeling exaggerated and annoying advertising, the consumers subjective assessment of creative advertising and their assessment of their ideal type of advertisement (Jobber 1974). The research finding showed that consumer reactions were disturbing, indicating the uncomplimentary result which could reduce advertising effectiveness (Jobber 1974). In addition, Noor Ghani (2004) disclosed in a research ‘Television viewing and consumer behaviour that the effect of television programs on childrens development as consumers begins with consumer socialization. Ghani (2004) stated that television is an influential model for childrens expressions of nonverbal behaviour and emotion. A survey of Malaysian schoolchildren was studied, focusing on demographic variables, such as gender and family income. Ghani (2004) also considered personal trait, in relation to television viewing habits and consumer behaviours propensity to buy, time spent watching television, preferred type of programme etc. The research results indicated that the importance of family income is a predictor of the differences in socialization, while gender is less influential (Ghani 2004).The study also looked at six personality traits and revealed that an aggressive-passive personality is the most influential on socialization (Ghani 2004). 2.2.4 Media and Advertising Influence on Food Choice Preference A study examined the implications television advertisements on food and eating behaviour was conducted by Roger Dickson (2000). He described the background to and main findings from a three-year funded research project on the role of television in the food choices of young people. The research project investigated the nature and extent of televisions portrayal of food and eating of young peoples interpretation (Dickson 2000). The research finding indicated that food and eating habits were portrayed very frequently on the television advertisements in the UK, but the ‘message in television programmes contrasts with the ‘message in the advertising in the terms of nutritional content of the food depicted (Dickson 2000). Dickson stated that this disorder eating behaviours and contradiction reflected in young viewers accounts of their own eating habits. In addition, a serious public concern on ‘size zero boy size is another good example of television advertising and media implications on unhealthy eating habit of young generations. In an article titled ‘Primetime television impact on adolescents impression of bodyweight, sex appeal and food and beverage consumption (Hamp et al. 2004) investigated the issue. The research presented a content analysis of ten television programmes frequently viewed by twelve to seventeen year-olds consumers in the US. The research finding indicated that television viewing is ever-present in adolescent culture, but the influence of television characters on adolescent behaviours and social norms is not well understood among young audients (Hamp et al. 2004). Another survey conducted by posting questionnaires online to investigate the same issue with students aged between 12 to 19 year-olds from across the state of Arizona participated to complete the survey electronically. The data were assessed by tabulation, principal axis factor analysis and liner regression analysis (Hamp et al. 2004) The research results indicated that 12 per cent of the subjects had a body mass index for age over the 95th percentile, 50 per cent of them reported watching television two hours of each day, and 59 per cent reported accruing 60 minutes of exercise and physical each day (Hamp et al. 2004). The results also discovered that over 35 per cent of respondents reported eating pizza and pasta frequently (Hamp et al. 2004). In the drink category, beer and wine were seen as the most frequently consumed beverages on television, while 63.9 per cent of sample members reported soda as their personal beverage of choice preference (Hamp et al. 2004). The factors extraction from this survey revealed three-factor solutions: television viewers and perceivers, television viewers and doers. Significant predictors of body mass index for age included urbanity and survey questions related to bodyweight perceptions (Hamp et al. 2004). It can be concluded that television programs with the focuses on sex appeal, thinness, and alcohol may have a powerful effect on young people self-esteem, body satisfaction, and eating habits (Hamp et al. 2004). 2.3 The Survey Child Obesity Food Advertising in Context by Ofcom This section presents the executive summary from a survey findings investigated by the Office of Communication (Ofcom), focusing on childrens food choice, parents understanding and influence, and the role of food promotions. The full research results are available on Ofcoms official website http://www.ofcom.org.uk. A survey was carried out by Ofcom in 2004 to present the followings: Background data on national lifestyle changes Re-analysis of market data on family food purchase and consumption An analysis of The Broadcasters Audience Research Board (BARB) An analysis of data from Neilsen Media Research on the advertising market The content analysis of food advertising on ITV1 The summary of bespoke qualitative and quantitative research commissioned by Ofcom to identify implications on childrens food preferences, purchase behaviour and consumption, and the role of television advertising 2.3.1 Changing Lifestyle Effect British Food Culture The lifestyle trends in the UK include the rising incomes, longer working hours, increasing numbers of working mothers, time-poor/cash-rich parents support a ‘convenience food culture and the increased consumption of High Fat, Salt and Sugar (HFSS) foods. The demand for ready-meals in the UK grew by 44 per cent between 1990 and 2002. People in the UK are now consuming double the amount of ready-meals consumed in France, and six times the number in Spain. 80 per cent of households in the UK have a microwave, compared with 27 per cent in Italy (Ofcom 2004). The findings in qualitative research by Ofcom indicate that many mothers talked of having no time to cook meals. There was a feeling that real cooking is hard work. The abundance of processed products that do not need forward planning and require little effort, making it easy to produce food for children quickly and conveniently (Ofcom 2004). Also, the lack of preparation is important to older children who are likely to be preparing their own snacks. Ofcoms qualitative research found that breakfast and packed lunches for school are prepared in the morning rush, when mothers are particularly busy. The food industry has developed products, and many of which are high fat, salt, and sugar contents, targeting these eating occasions and markets them heavily to mothers and children (Ofcom 2004). The research results are also somewhat contradictory. There is some evidence that demand for take-away meals and affordable eating options outside the home are on an increase. The food industry has met such needs by the expansion of fast food outlets, and many of which sell high fat, salt, and sugar products (Ofcom 2004). The pre-prepared, convenience foods, take-away meals and eating-out, reduce parents control over what goes into food, making it more difficult to monitor high fat, salt, and sugar contents (Ofcom 2004). In addition, the convenient and pre-prepared meals are less likely to be eaten with fresh fruits and vegetables (Ofcom 2004). There is a continuously growing snacking culture amongst children who favours high fat, salt, and sugar foods consumption (Ofcom 2004).There is a decline on the number of occasions that a family eats together (Ofcom 2004). The food and grocery market has developed a range of chilled, frozen, and pre-prepared meals targeting children who eat without adults (Ofcom 2004). These ready-to-cook meals can be prepared without affecting dining patterns of the rest of the household (Ofcom 2004). There is an increasing of less controlling parents and child relationships. Children have more spending power and they are increasingly control their own eating patterns (Ofcom 2004). 2.3.2 What Children Are Eating? According to the research conducted by Ofcom (2004), it was reported that British children are reported to enjoy foods high in fats, sugars and salt, such as sweets, soft drinks, crisps and savoury snacks, fast food and pre-sugared breakfast cereals, which are well-known as ‘the Big Five (Ofcom 2004). Also, families are consuming more pre-prepared and convenience foods, which are high in fats, salt and sugar. This trend makes ‘a Big 6 of foods, urging dieticians and health professionals to have serious concerns (Ofcom 2004). Children consume well below the recommended amount of fresh fruits and vegetables (Ofcom 2004). The World Health Organization recommends at least five portions of fruits and vegetables per day (Ofcom 2004). Fresh fruit consumption in household has risen for much of the last twenty-five years, while fresh green vegetables consumption was 27 per cent lower in 2000 than in 1975 (Ofcom 2004). Furthermore, most kids do know that fruits and vegetables are good for them, but they prefer the taste of high fat, salt, and sugar food (Ofcom 2004). If young children do not want to get fat, it is because they perceive it to be unattractive (Ofcom 2004). 2.3.3 Factors Influencing Child Food Choices Psychosocial factors food preferences, meanings of food, and food knowledge Biological factors, such as hunger and gender Behavioural factors, including time and convenience and dieting patterns Family income, working status of mother, family eating patterns etc. Friends conformity, norms, and peers Schools school meals, sponsorship, and vending machines Commercial sites, such as fast food restaurants and stores Youth market and pester power Media factors, such as television advertising 2.3.4 The Role of Parents in Child Obesity According to the survey of the Gfk NOP investigated opinion on the role of parents in child obesity indicated that 79 per cent of parents have a great responsibility for the situation outlined in a recent publicity about child diet, while other groups are seen as having an important part to play, such as schools with 52 per cent and food manufacturers with 43 per cent (Ofcom 2004). About Just one third think the government (33 per cent) and the media (32 per cent) as for having great responsibility on the issue, followed by the supermarkets (28 per cent) and broadcasters (23 per cent) (Ofcom 2004). When the subjects were asked which one of the same groups could do most to ensure that children eat healthily, the research finding indicated that parents and family are named by 55 per cent of the respondents, followed by food manufacturers, schools, media, the government, supermarkets, and broadcasters (Ofcom 2004). The qualitative research conducted by the Ofcom suggested that the majority of parents often put off their child food preferences (Ofcom 2004). They also tended to serve their kids with high fat, salt, and sugar foods. These parents were more often to be found in the lower socio-economic groups in which money is tighter, and food choices in the area are more restricted (Ofcom 2004). The research results also showed only a minority of parents who seemed to exercise effective control over their child food choices. These parents were usually better off in the term of income, and they more often found in the higher socio-economic groups (Ofcom 2004). In addition, the qualitative research by Ofcome suggested that many mothers thought they know what a healthy diet is. However, these mothers were at a loss as to how to make the healthy diet attractive to their kids (Ofcom 2004). These mothers expressed that they would have to reject the whole categories of foods, such as dairy products, sugar, and carbohydrates. Such mothers believed the outcomes of healthy eating outlined in the media, lessening the risk of obesity and better dental health (Ofcom 2004). Moreover, the minority of more confident, better-informed, and middle-class, mothers were more proactive (Ofcom 2004). These mothers were aware of the long-term risks involved with unhealthy eating habits which could cause heart disease, diabetes and cancer. Such mothers do not exclude whole categories of food, but they were more likely to limit the use of high fat, salt, and sugar foods and exclude those with artificial additives (Ofcom 2004). 2.3.5 The Role of Schools in Child Obesity Ofcoms qualitative research in schools revealed that there was a formal coverage of diet and nutrition in classrooms, where teachers educate students about healthy food choices (Ofcom 2004). In addition, there was evidence that some schools were making successful attempts to provide healthy food choices and influence students to have health diets (Ofcom 2004). However, there was a little active supervision of what children actually choose to eat at schools during the lunchtimes. Moreover, most school provision appeared to be driven by what children wanted and could be seen as giving a seal of approval to eating high fat, salt, and sugar products which were popular among stents in both primary and secondary schools (Ofcom 2004). Regarding the barriers to healthier diet in schools in the qualitative research reported that finance is a key barrier to healthier provision in schools (Ofcom 2004). To make food provision cost-effective, schools to sell high fat, salt, and sugar foods because these products are what children like, want and will buy (Ofcom 2004). Thus, the vending machines bring in much needed income for the schools. Another key barrier to healthier provision in schools is that schools may lack of control over the food provision if contracted catering companies have power in terms of what food is provided (Ofcom 2004). These firms can be very resistant to moves towards healthier food which may be less popular among students and has an impact on the financial performance of their business operation (Ofcom 2004). 2.3.6 The Role of Television Advertising An academic research confirmed that numbers of hours spent in watching television correlate with the measures of poor diet, poor health, and obesity among both children and adults (Ofcom 2004). There are three explanations for this finding: Television viewing is an inactive activity that reduces metabolic rates and displaces physical exercise (Ofcom 2004). Television viewing is associated with frequent snacking, pre-prepared meals and fast food consumption (Ofcom 2004). Television viewing includes exposure to advertisements for HFSS food products (Ofcom 2004). 2.3.7 The Direct Effects of Television Advertising Academic research showed the modest direct effects of television advertising on child food preference, consumption, and behaviour (Ofcom 2004). It revealed that there was insufficient evidence to determine the relative size of the effect of television advertising on child food choice by comparison with other relevant factors (Ofcom 2004). In the context of the multiplicity of psychosocial, biological, behavioural, family, friends, schools, commercial sites youth market and pester power, and media factors were not surprising that they direct contribution of television advertising had been found to be modest (Ofcom 2004). According to the Gfk NOP survey results, when television advertising is put in the context of other influencing factors, the subjects believed that it does not have an impact on food choice preferences among parents and children (Ofcom 2004). However, it is rather small when compared to

Debating the Connection Between Birds and Dinosaurs :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Debating the Connection Between Birds and Dinosaurs We live in a world, where every question must have an answer. If that question doesn’t have an answer, somebody is determined to find out what the answer is. One of those very questions is simply, did birds evolve from dinosaurs? Many scientists have theories. There is no definite answer. I will, however, give you information on some theories scientists have, as well as information on a new discovery that may very well be indeed what scientists around the world have been looking for. I will leave it up to you, to decide who you think is right. The idea that birds and reptiles are closely related is not a new one. Since Darwin, similarities between modern birds and reptiles started speculation that these groups had something in common. Then, in 1861, the first specimen of the famous Archaeopteryx ("ancient wing") was found in Bavaria. It seemed to be a mixture of bird-like and reptile-like characteristics. â€Å"For many, this creature was - and is - a powerful confirmation of large-scale evolutionary change (â€Å"Are birds feathered dinosaurs?†).† Since then more and more new discoveries have been found influencing the dino-bird theory. The most recent discovery was in Northern China, of a feathered covered dinosaur that may very well be the answer to this very important question. This discovery not only presents questions about the origins of birds but also about the life of dinosaurs. It reinforces the case for the theory that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs, while hinting that many other dinosaurs may have had feathers to keep them warm. The fossil skeleton is estimated to be somewhere between 126–147 million years old (Henahan 2001). However, according to the original scientific article the age is debatable. â€Å"Certain elements suggest a Late Jurassic age; radiometric work from several sites near Sihetun has suggested conflicting dates of 124.6 million years ago or 147 million years ago. The age of these beds is a complex problem and it is likely that several ages are represented at different quarry sites (Ji et al 2001).† According to the article the fossil was discovered by a team of American and Chinese scientists in the Yixian Formation in the Liaoning Province, China. This is the first dinosaur to be discovered with its body covering unbroken. The fossil has been identified as a type of dromaeosaur. The discovery may cause trouble in the paleontology community, where a debate continues on the link between dinosaurs and birds.